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<title>Backplane</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Backplane</span></span>

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<p>A <b>backplane</b> or <b>backplane system</b> is a group of <a href="Electrical_connector" title="Electrical connector">electrical connectors</a> in parallel with each other, so that each pin of each connector is linked to the same relative pin of all the other connectors, forming a <a href="Computer_bus" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer bus">computer bus</a>. It is used to connect several printed circuit boards together to make up a complete <a href="Computer_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer system">computer system</a>. Backplanes commonly use a <a href="Printed_circuit_board" title="Printed circuit board">printed circuit board</a>, but <a href="Wire_wrap" title="Wire wrap">wire-wrapped</a> backplanes have also been used in <a href="Minicomputer" title="Minicomputer">minicomputers</a> and high-reliability applications.

</p><p>A backplane is generally differentiated from a <a href="Motherboard" title="Motherboard">motherboard</a> by the lack of on-board processing and storage elements. A backplane uses plug-in cards for storage and processing.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Usage">Usage</h2></div>

<p>Early microcomputer systems like the <a href="Altair_8800" title="Altair 8800">Altair 8800</a> used a backplane for the processor and <a href="Expansion_card" title="Expansion card">expansion cards</a>.

</p><p>Backplanes are normally used in preference to cables because of their greater <a href="Reliability_engineering" title="Reliability engineering">reliability</a>. In a cabled system, the cables need to be flexed every time that a card is added or removed from the system; this flexing eventually causes mechanical failures. A backplane does not suffer from this problem, so its service life is limited only by the longevity of its connectors. For example, <a href="DIN_41612" title="DIN 41612">DIN 41612</a> connectors (used in the <a href="VMEbus" title="VMEbus">VMEbus</a> system) have three durability grades built to withstand (respectively) 50, 400 and 500 insertions and removals, or "mating cycles". To transmit information, Serial Back-Plane technology uses a <a href="Low-voltage_differential_signaling" title="Low-voltage differential signaling">low-voltage differential signaling</a> transmission method for sending information.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In addition, there are bus expansion cables which will extend a computer bus to an external backplane, usually located in an enclosure, to provide more or different slots than the host computer provides. These cable sets have a transmitter board located in the computer, an expansion board in the remote backplane, and a cable between the two.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Active_vis-à-vis_passive_backplanes">Active vis-à-vis passive backplanes</h2></div>

<p>Backplanes have grown in complexity from the simple <a href="Industry_Standard_Architecture" title="Industry Standard Architecture">Industry Standard Architecture</a> (ISA) (used in the original <a href="IBM_PC" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM PC">IBM PC</a>) or <a href="S-100_bus" title="S-100 bus">S-100</a> style where all the connectors were connected to a common bus. Due to limitations inherent in the <a href="Peripheral_Component_Interconnect" title="Peripheral Component Interconnect">Peripheral Component Interconnect</a> (PCI) specification for driving slots, backplanes are now offered as <b>passive</b> and <b>active</b>.

</p><p>True passive backplanes offer no active bus driving circuitry. Any desired arbitration logic is placed on the daughter cards. Active backplanes include chips which <a href="Buffer_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Buffer (computer science)">buffer</a> the various signals to the slots.

</p><p>The distinction between the two isn't always clear, but may become an important issue if a whole system is expected to not have a <a href="Single_point_of_failure" title="Single point of failure">single point of failure</a> (SPOF) . Common myth around passive backplane, even if it <i>is</i> single, is not usually considered a SPOF. Active back-planes are even more complicated and thus have a non-zero risk of malfunction. However one situation that can cause disruption both in the case of Active and Passive Back-planes is while performing maintenance activities i.e. while swapping boards there is always a possibility of damaging the Pins/Connectors on the Back-plane, this may cause full outage for the system as all boards mounted on the back-plane should be removed in order to fix the system. Therefore, we are seeing newer architectures where systems use high speed redundant connectivity to interconnect system boards point to point with No Single Point of Failure anywhere in the system.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Backplanes_vis-à-vis_motherboards">Backplanes vis-à-vis motherboards</h2></div>

<p>When a backplane is used with a plug-in <a href="Single-board_computer" title="Single-board computer">single-board computer</a> (SBC) or <a href="System_Host_Board" title="System Host Board">system host board</a> (SHB), the combination provides the same functionality as a <a href="Motherboard" title="Motherboard">motherboard</a>, providing processing power, memory, I/O and slots for plug-in cards. While there are a few motherboards that offer more than 8 slots, that is the traditional limit. In addition, as technology progresses, the availability and number of a particular slot type may be limited in terms of what is currently offered by motherboard manufacturers.

</p><p>However, backplane architecture is somewhat unrelated to the SBC technology plugged into it. There are some limitations to what can be constructed, in that the SBC chip set and processor have to provide the capability of supporting the slot types. In addition, virtually an unlimited number of slots can be provided with 20, including the SBC slot, as a practical though not an absolute limit. Thus, a PICMG backplane can provide any number and any mix of ISA, PCI, PCI-X, and PCI-e slots, limited only by the ability of the SBC to interface to and drive those slots. For example, an SBC with the latest i7 processor could interface with a backplane providing up to 19 ISA slots to drive legacy I/O cards.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Midplane">Midplane</h2></div>

<p>Some backplanes are constructed with slots for connecting to devices on both sides, and are referred to as midplanes. This ability to plug cards into either side of a midplane is often useful in larger systems made up primarily of modules attached to the midplane.

</p><p>Midplanes are often used in computers, mostly in <a href="Blade_server" title="Blade server">blade servers</a>, where server blades reside on one side and the peripheral (power, networking, and other I/O) and service modules reside on the other. Midplanes are also popular in networking and telecommunications equipment where one side of the chassis accepts system processing cards and the other side of the chassis accepts network interface cards.

</p><p>Orthogonal midplanes connect vertical cards on one side to horizontal boards on the other side.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

One common orthogonal midplane connects many vertical telephone <a href="Line_card" title="Line card">line cards</a> on one side, each one connected to copper telephone wires, to a horizontal communications card on the other side.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>A "virtual midplane" is an imaginary plane between vertical cards on one side that directly connect to horizontal boards on the other side; the card-slot aligners of the card cage and self-aligning connectors on the cards hold the cards in position.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Some people use the term "midplane" to describe a board that sits between and connects a hard drive hot-swap backplane and redundant power supplies.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Backplanes_in_storage">Backplanes in storage</h2></div>

<p>Servers commonly have a backplane to attach hot swappable hard disk drives and solid state drives; backplane pins pass directly into hard drive sockets without cables. They may have single connector to connect one <a href="Disk_array_controller" title="Disk array controller">disk array controller</a> or multiple connectors that can be connected to one or more controllers in arbitrary way. Backplanes are commonly found in <a href="Disk_enclosure" title="Disk enclosure">disk enclosures</a>, <a href="Disk_array" title="Disk array">disk arrays</a>, and <a href="Server_(computing)" title="Server (computing)">servers</a>.

</p><p>Backplanes for SAS and SATA HDDs most commonly use the <a href="SGPIO" title="SGPIO">SGPIO</a> protocol as means of communication between the <a href="Host_adapter" title="Host adapter">host adapter</a> and the backplane. Alternatively <a href="SCSI_Enclosure_Services" title="SCSI Enclosure Services">SCSI Enclosure Services</a> can be used. With <a href="Parallel_SCSI" title="Parallel SCSI">Parallel SCSI</a> subsystems, <a href="SAF-TE" title="SAF-TE">SAF-TE</a> is used.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Platforms">Platforms</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="PICMG">PICMG</h3></div>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="PICMG" title="PICMG">PICMG</a></div>

<p>A single-board computer meeting the PICMG 1.3 specification and compatible with a PICMG 1.3 backplane is referred to as a <a href="System_Host_Board" title="System Host Board">System Host Board</a>.

</p><p>In the Intel Single-Board Computer world, <a href="PICMG" title="PICMG">PICMG</a> provides standards for the backplane interface:

<a href="PICMG_1.0" title="PICMG 1.0">PICMG 1.0</a>, 1.1 and 1.2<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> provide ISA and PCI support, with 1.2 adding PCIX support.

PICMG 1.3<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> provides PCI-Express support.

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Motherboard" title="Motherboard">Motherboard</a></li>

<li><a href="Switched_fabric" title="Switched fabric">Switched fabric</a></li>

<li><a href="Daughterboard" class="mw-redirect" title="Daughterboard">Daughterboard</a></li>

<li><a href="M-Module" title="M-Module">M-Module</a></li>

<li><a href="STEbus" title="STEbus">STEbus</a></li>

<li><a href="Eurocard_(printed_circuit_board)" title="Eurocard (printed circuit board)">Eurocard (printed circuit board)</a></li>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFVarnavas2005" class="citation book cs1">Varnavas, Kosta (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/1267253">"Serial Back-Plane Technologies in Advanced Avionics Architectures"</a>. <i>24th Digital Avionics Systems Conference</i>. Vol. 2. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FDASC.2005.1563416">10.1109/DASC.2005.1563416</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-7803-9307-3</bdi>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:8974309">8974309</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kevin O’Connor.

<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ecnmag.com/articles/2010/12/orthogonal-backplane-connector-technology-offers-design-flexibility">"Orthogonal Backplane Connector Technology Offers Design Flexibility"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130704032443/http://www.ecnmag.com/articles/2010/12/orthogonal-backplane-connector-technology-offers-design-flexibility">Archived</a> 4 July 2013 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.

2010.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pete.

<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.connector.com/2011/02/high-speed-orthogonal-connectors-optimize-signal-integrity/">"High-Speed Orthogonal Connectors Optimize Signal Integrity"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150428122800/http://www.connector.com/2011/02/high-speed-orthogonal-connectors-optimize-signal-integrity/">Archived</a> 28 April 2015 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.

2011.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fci.com/en/products/backplane-connectors/airmax-vs-backplane/airmax-vs-orthogonal.html">"AirMax VS Orthogonal"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140614151402/http://www.fci.com/en/products/backplane-connectors/airmax-vs-backplane/airmax-vs-orthogonal.html">Archived</a> 14 June 2014 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span>

</li>

Michael Fowler.

<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://electronicdesign.com/boards/virtual-midplane-realizes-ultrafast-card-interconnects">"Virtual Midplane Realizes Ultrafast Card Interconnects"</a>.

Electronic Design.

2002.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20140329190529/http://h20000.www2.hp.com/bizsupport/TechSupport/Document.jsp?lang=en&cc=us&objectID=c00881823&jumpid=reg_r1002_usen_c-001_title_r0001">"HP StorageWorks Modular Smart Array 70 Enclosure - Replacing the Backplane"</a>.</span>

</li>

<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://download.intel.com/support/motherboards/server/s5520ur/sb/r2612ur_service_guide_14.pdf">"Intel Server System SR2612UR Service Guide"</a>.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120626143521/http://www.picmgeu.org/specs/available_specifications.htm">"PICMG 1.0, 1.1 and 1.2"</a>. Picmgeu.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.picmgeu.org/specs/available_specifications.htm">the original</a> on 26 June 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120626143521/http://www.picmgeu.org/specs/available_specifications.htm">"PICMG 1.3"</a>. Picmgeu.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.picmgeu.org/specs/available_specifications.htm">the original</a> on 26 June 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121130222348/http://www.picmg.org/v2internal/SHB_Express.htm">"PICMG 1.3 SHB Express Resources"</a>. Picmg.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.picmg.org/v2internal/SHB_Express.htm">the original</a> on 30 November 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFKaranassiosHorlick1985" class="citation journal cs1">Karanassios, V.; Horlick, G. (August 1985). "Backplane bus structures and systems". <i>Talanta</i>. <b>32</b> (8): <span class="nowrap">583–</span>599. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0039-9140%2885%2980155-7">10.1016/0039-9140(85)80155-7</a>. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/269384772">269384772</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18963977">18963977</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFKaranassiosHorlick1985" class="citation journal cs1">Karanassios, V.; Horlick, G. (August 1985). "Smart backplanes—I: The apple II". <i>Talanta</i>. <b>32</b> (8): <span class="nowrap">601–</span>614. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0039-9140%2885%2980156-9">10.1016/0039-9140(85)80156-9</a>. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/4928218486">4928218486</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18963978">18963978</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFKaranassiosHorlick1985" class="citation journal cs1">Karanassios, V.; Horlick, G. (August 1985). "Smart backplanes—II: The IBM PC". <i>Talanta</i>. <b>32</b> (8): <span class="nowrap">615–</span>631. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0039-9140%2885%2980157-0">10.1016/0039-9140(85)80157-0</a>. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/269384774">269384774</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18963979">18963979</a>.</cite></li></ul>

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